Synthesis and Characterization of Precisely‐Structured Molecular Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

ABSTRACT Precisely‐structured molecular nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a transformative approach in nanomedicine, overcoming the limitations of conventional nanoparticles—such as structural heterogeneity and unpredictable bio‐interactions—by enabling atomic‐level control over size, shape, and surface functionality. This review highlights recent advances in the design, synthesis, and characterization of MNPs, which include sequence‐defined polymers, dendrimers, nanoclusters, and DNA nanostructures. We discuss innovative synthetic strategies—both covalent and non‐covalent—and emphasize the critical role of advanced characterization techniques to ensure structural fidelity. The biological applications of MNPs are extensively explored, particularly in biosensing and cancer therapy, where their precision enables enhanced targeting, stimuli‐responsive behavior, and combinatorial treatments. Finally, we also address ongoing challenges in scalability, stability, and clinical translation, and outline future directions for developing intelligent MNP platforms for biomedical use.