Unraveling the microRNA mosaic: mechanisms and implications in focal cortical neurodevelopmental disorders

Focal cortical neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), are characterized by abnormal neuronal development and migration, often leading to epilepsy and cognitive deficits. Recent advances in understanding the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) have illuminated their critical involvement in the regulation of gene expression during neurodevelopment. This review explores the mechanisms by which dysregulated miRNAs contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders, focusing on their roles in neuronal differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. We discuss specific miRNAs implicated in these processes, including their interactions with key signaling pathways such as mTOR and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By elucidating the complex regulatory networks governed by miRNAs, we aim to highlight their significance in the understanding and management of focal cortical neurodevelopmental disorders, paving the way for future research and therapeutic innovations.