An Energy-Efficient Double Ratchet Cryptographic Processor With Backward Secrecy for IoT Devices

This work presents the first cryptographic processor that supports the double ratchet protocol with backward secrecy for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. A precomputation-based constant modular divider is used to reduce the area by 39.5% and energy consumption by 18.8%. A hash-based key derivative function (HKDF) module is proposed to reduce the energy consumption of the length selector by 89.8% and the energy consumption of the module by 35% by leveraging the characteristic of the input. A ${\mathrm{ GF}}(2^{4})^{2}$ -based S-box is used to reduce the area of S-box by 21.2%. A 1-byte S-box is shared for key generation and text encryption/decryption to reduce the area by 46.8%. Fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS technology, the chip integrates 227k gates in 1.03 mm 2 and dissipates 1.18 mW at 16 MHz from a 0.56-V supply. The chip achieves a 211 $734\times $ lower energy consumption than the CPU solution. Compared with the state-of-the-art end-to-end protocol cryptographic processor, this work achieves an $18.5\times $ higher energy efficiency for secure hash algorithm (SHA), $3\times $ higher energy efficiency for advanced encryption standard (AES), and a 41% less energy for protocol establishment, with 10% smaller area.