Clinicopathological characteristics of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and screening of prognostic markers

Abstract Background Malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PCPG) is lethal and difficult to diagnose before metastasis. This study is aiming to characterize the PCPG and explore novel prognostic markers. Methods Clinical data of patients with pathologically confirmed invasive and noninvasive PCPG were collected and analyzed. Then, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and HUB genes were identified by R package “limma” in GSE67066‐GPL570. Afterward, the prognostic markers were screened out using R packages of “survival” and “survminer” based on the TCGA data. Results The 34 invasive PCPGs were characterized by irregular contour and unclear boundary on CT and capsule/extracapsule tissue invasion on pathology compared with the 42 noninvasive PCPGs. Then, 29 upregulated and 30 downregulated DEGs were identified in malignant PCPG compared with benign, which were mainly enriched in the terms of calcium ion binding, neuron cell–cell adhesion, axon, regulation of hormone levels, and regulation of secretion by cell. Of which, nine DEGs were furtherly selected as the HUB genes. Finally, CNTN4 and SH3GL2 were found to be highly expressed in malignant PCPGs and negatively correlated with progression‐free interval. Conclusions Malignant PCPGs tend to be aggressive in imaging and pathology. The high expression of CNTN4 and SH3GL2 in PCPGs may indicate a poor prognosis.