Impact of intercellular adhesion molecule 1‐positive dental pulp stem cells in deep caries progression

AIM: DPSCs) within the immune microenvironment of deep carious pulp tissue to develop therapeutic strategies. METHODOLOGY: differentiation induction. RESULTS: DPSC-conditioned media for 1-3 days. CONCLUSIONS: DPSCs. This subcluster exhibits impaired odontogenic differentiation capacity, secretes proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and enhances macrophage inflammatory activity, contributing to the advancement of deep caries lesions.