Controllable synthesis and biomedical applications of bismuth-based nanospheres: enhanced photothermal therapy and CT imaging efficiency

). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Bi nanospheres exhibit significant advantages in CT imaging and photothermal effects by using the glioma mouse model, notably achieving a tumor area temperature increase to 53.6 °C after near-infrared laser irradiation. This work furnishes theoretical and experimental evidence for bismuth-based nanomaterials as valuable tools in various biomedical applications.