Towards resilience in Industry 5.0: application of system dynamics in matrix-structured manufacturing system

In the face of increasing global disruptions, resilient manufacturing systems are critical to ensuring operational stability, a concept central to the Industry 5.0 vision. The Matrix-Structured Manufacturing System (MMS) is a key example of such resilience, designed to maintain functionality and recover quickly under major disruptions. This paper introduces a novel System Dynamics (SD)-based modelling and simulation framework to quantitively assess the performance indicators and resilience of MMS. By simulating key disruption scenarios, including partial equipment failures and order fluctuations with resource constraints, this study evaluates the system's response and recovery capabilities using a Comprehensive Resilience Index (CRI). Unlike conventional approaches, the proposed SD model captures the dynamic interactions across various production configurations and simulates the operational logic governing them, which can also be applied to other production systems. The simulation results demonstrate the potential of SD to support decision-making by providing insights into the effectiveness of reconfiguration strategies and resource management. This work aims at offering robust methods for quantitative resilience assessment and strategic planning towards the practical implementation of resilient manufacturing in Industry 5.0 envisions.