High signal-to-noise ratio optical image edge detection enabled by vortex beam in a degenerate cavity

Abstract Traditional digital edge detection methods have limitations in terms of computational speed, energy efficiency, and performance under high-resolution or low-latency conditions. To address these challenges, we present an optical edge detection approach using a 4 f degenerate cavity laser system. By applying vortex phase modulation at the Fourier plane, our method enhances the high-frequency image components to improve edge detection accuracy. Simulations demonstrate that within the degenerate cavity architecture, phase modulation achieves superior edge detection performance compared to amplitude modulation, exhibiting enhanced image fidelity, contrast, and noise suppression capabilities. First-order vortex phases effectively extract standard edges, whereas second-order phases improve curved edge detection. Testing under noisy conditions confirms robust performance with minimal efficiency fluctuations. Compared to conventional techniques, the proposed system offers superior edge clarity, lower energy consumption, and broader operational adaptability. These results highlight its potential for integration into compact optical processors, particularly for real-time applications such as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging. This work provides an efficient and low-energy alternative to traditional methods, advancing the development of integrated optical image processing systems.