Prevalence of types of adverse childhood experiences in incarcerated males: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Exposure to childhood adversity has been associated with a greater risk for engaging in offending behaviour. Despite this, investigation of the early experiences of incarcerated people, particularly males, remains limited. Based on the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework, this review explored the prevalence of 10 early adverse events in males detained to prison. Articles were systematically searched from seven databases, and reference lists. Fifty papers (N = 48,648) were included, primarily from western countries (86%, k = 43). Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated utilising random effect models. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Experiences of sexual abuse were the most frequently studied ACE (80%), yet obtained the lowest prevalence estimates (12%, 95% CI 8–16%). Highest estimates were attained for emotional neglect (38%, 95% CI 28–50%), intimate partner violence (36%, 95% CI 28–44%) and parental separation (36%, 95% CI 24–52%), which were among the least frequently explored (11.8%–31.4%). High heterogeneity was apparent for all ACEs, and not accounted for by country of study. Results indicate early trauma to be pervasive in the lives of incarcerated males, though biases in the evidence may underestimate the true prevalence and nature of ACEs experienced. Further examination of direct maltreatment and household adversities, by multiple intersections, is needed.