Revealing Mitochondrion–Lysosome Dynamic Interactions and pH Variations in Live Cells with a pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe

Mitochondrion–lysosome interactions have garnered significant attention in recent research. Numerous studies have shown that mitochondrion–lysosome interactions, including mitochondrion–lysosome contact (MLC) and mitophagy, are involved in various biological processes and pathological conditions. Single fluorescent probes are termed a pivotal chemical tool in unraveling the intricate spatiotemporal interorganelle interplay in live cells. However, current chemical tools are insufficient to deeply understand mitochondrion–lysosome dynamic interactions and related diseases, Moreover, the rational design of mitochondrion–lysosome dual-targeting fluorescent probes is intractable. Herein, we designed and synthesized a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe called INSA, which could simultaneously light up mitochondria (red emission) and lysosomes (green emission) for their internal pH differences. Employing INSA, we successfully recorded long-term dynamic interactions between lysosomes and mitochondria. More importantly, the increasing mitochondrion–lysosome interactions in ferroptotic cells were also revealed by INSA. Further, we observed pH variations in mitochondria and lysosomes during ferroptosis for the first time. In brief, this work not only introduced a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe INSA for the disclosure of the mitochondrion–lysosome dynamic interplays but also pioneered the visualization of the organellar pH alternation in a specific disease model.