Oral microbiome diversity and diet quality in relation to mortality

AIM: To examine the independent and joint associations of oral microbiome diversity and diet quality with risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 7,055 eligible adults from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Oral microbiome diversity was measured with α-diversity, including the Simpson Index, observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), Faith's phylogenetic diversity, and Shannon-Weiner index. Dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the corresponding associations. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9.0 years, we documented 382 all-cause deaths. We observed independent associations of oral microbiome diversity indices and dietary quality with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.82 for observed ASVs; HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52-0.89 for HEI-2015). Jointly, participants with the highest tertiles of both oral microbiome diversity (in Simpson index) and HEI-2015 had the lowest hazard of mortality (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23-0.60). In addition, higher oral microbiome diversity was associated with lower risks of deaths from cardiometabolic disease and cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Higher oral microbiome α-diversity and diet quality were independently associated with lower risk of mortality.