Diosgenin Unveiled: From Nutritional Insights to Nano Applications and Molecular Marvels

Introduction: Diosgenin (DSG) is a steroidal sapogenin found in plants such as Dioscorea tokoro Makino ex Miyabe, Trigonella foenum-graceum, and Solanum virgini-anum, and is utilized as a natural source of steroidal hormones. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and various other pharmacological properties, making it a relia-ble candidate for research purposes. The aim of this review is to provide researchers with a scientific basis for the target-specific bio-potential of DSG as an ethnomedicine and to under-score its potential for drug design and therapy modifications in the future. Methods: Relevant literature search up to the current year by using online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, and Science Direct by applying related search terms. Results: This review first addressed the green nanotechnology that is widely adopted to improve DSG’s pharmacokinetic profile, and then listed numerous nano-formulations of DSG for enhancement of their physical properties. At last, this article ex-plored the molecular action of DSG on NF-ĸB, TGF-β1/Smad, AMPK/ACC/CPT-1A & SERBP-1c/FAS, etc. that are pathologically involved in a variety of diseases for better under-standing such as limited clinical research has been conducted to date. Conclusion: Overall, the current review tries to update all information about DSG's nutri-tional benefits, its application as nanomedicine, and diverse pharmacological actions based on various molecular targets for its commendable pre-clinical and clinical applications