Field-regulated force by grafted polyelectrolytes

Generation of mechanical force regulated by external electric field is studied both theoretically and by molecular dynamics simulations. The force arises in deformable bodies linked to the free end of a grafted polyelectrolyte chain, which is exposed to an electric field that favours its adsorption. We consider a few target bodies with different force–deformation relations including (1) linear and (2) cubic dependences as well as (3) Hertzian-like force. Such force–deformation relations mimic the behaviour of (1) coiled and (2) stretched polymer chains, respectively, or (3) that of a squeezed colloidal particle. The magnitude of the arising force varies over a wide interval although the electric field alters within a relatively narrow range only. The predictions of our theory agree quantitatively well with the results of numerical simulations. Both cases of zero and finite electrical current are investigated, and we do not obtain substantial differences in the force generated. The phenomenon studied could possibly be utilised to design, for example, vice-like devices to fix nano-sized objects.