Sporopollenin - Invincible biopolymer for sustainable biomedical applications

The objective of this review article is to present the utility of Sporopollenin, a natural biopolymer, for a wide range of applications. Sporopollenin is a ubiquitous natural polymer and chief ingredient of plant pollen grains, spores and it is chemically inert. Sporopollenin has a beautifully sculpted, decorated, and nano porous surface that is species unique. In both organic and aqueous solutions, it is stable. Purified sporopollenin keeps its spore or pollen particle shape, size, and surface properties while remaining an empty shell (sporopollenin microcapsules). Sporopollenin microcapsules and Sporopollenin Exine Shells (SEC) from pollen grains of plants (Angiosperms), spores of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes Gymnosperms and fungi have been developed as new biomaterials for drug/vaccine delivery, catalyst support, and heavy metal removal, among other sustainable applications. This review paper could pave the way for further research into sporopollenin production and the development of novel biomimetic polymers with desirable inert characteristics. The authors anticipate that this unique renewable polymer, which is abundant in nature and can be made from a variety of plants and fungal sources, will have biomedical applications contributing to sustainability in the future.