Preparation and performance of a novel perceptual road marking based on flexible piezoelectric thin film sensor

Abstract This study addresses the issues of complex installation and difficult maintenance associated with traditional piezoelectric devices in road applications. An innovative approach is proposed for intelligent transportation infrastructure, embedding flexible PVDF film sensors into a two-component road marking system. This integration transforms conventional markings into traffic detection devices, called the intelligent road marking systems. The influence of critical parameters such as roller pressure, frequency, and thickness on the electrical output of perceptual markings was systematically examined using indoor and outdoor experimental tests and finite element modeling. The design and durability performance of perceptual markings were evaluated. The results indicate that the peak voltage output of the sensor varies with load changes. Moreover, greater thickness in the surface marking layer substantially compromises sensor sensitivity. As finite element analysis demonstrates, integrating the flexible sensor in the marking layer minimally disrupts its structural integrity, offering significant benefits relative to direct roadbed embedding. We also investigated the durability implications of two common encapsulation materials. It was found that PET encapsulation withstands greater mechanical stress and develops fewer strain-sensitive zones than PI, establishing its superior suitability for prolonged road service. Finally, the perceptual markings maintained excellent durability and stability throughout accelerated tests, enduring 300 wheel-loading simulations and 200 000 cyclic load applications.