Phytochemicals in Ginkgo biloba for Age-Related Eye Disease – A Review

This review examines evidence on standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs) for ocular health, highlighting their ability to reduce oxidative damage, regulate inflammation, and protect retinal cells in major eye diseases. We hypothesize that standardized GBEs, when formulated via advanced ocular drug delivery systems, could enhance retinal bioavailability and efficacy, serving as viable adjunct or alternative therapies for glaucoma, DR, and AMD. The objectives are to summarize current knowledge on the phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba and its mechanisms of ocular protection, critically evaluate preclinical and clinical evidence of its use in eye diseases, and explore novel formulation and delivery strategies to overcome the bioavailability challenges of these plant extracts.