Generation of streptocarbazoles with cytotoxicities by pathway engineering and insights into their biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Streptocarbazoles are a class of indolocarbazole (ICZ) compounds produced by Streptomyces strains that feature unique cyclic N -glycosidic linkages between the 1,3-carbon atoms of the glycosyl moiety and the two indole nitrogen atoms. Although several streptocarbazole compounds display effective cytotoxic activity, their biosynthesis remains unclear. Herein, through the inactivation of the aminotransferase gene spcI in the staurosporine biosynthetic gene cluster spc followed by heterologous expression, two new streptocarbazole derivatives ( 1 and 3 ) and three known ICZs ( 2 , 4 , and 5 ) were generated. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic methods, circular dichroism measurements, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1–4 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cell line, and compounds 3 and 4 were effective against Huh 7 cell line. Double-gene knockout experiments allowed us to propose a biosynthetic pathway for streptocarbazole productions. Furthermore, by overexpression of the involving key enzymes, the production of streptocarbazoles 1 and 3 were improved by approximately 1.5–2.5 fold. IMPORTANCE Indolocarbazoles (ICZs) are a group of antitumor agents, with several analogs used in clinical trials. Therefore, the identification of novel ICZ compounds is important for drug discovery. Streptocarbazoles harbor unique N -glycosidic linkages (N13-C1′ and N12-C3′), distinguishing them from the representative ICZ compound staurosporine; however, their biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, two new streptocarbazoles ( 1 and 3 ) with cytotoxic activities were obtained by manipulating the staurosporine biosynthetic gene cluster spc followed by heterologous expression. The biosynthetic pathway of streptocarbazoles was proposed, and their productions were improved through the overexpression of the key enzymes involved. This study enriches the structural diversity of ICZ compounds and would facilitate the discovery of new streptocarbazoles via synthetic biological strategies.