Cinobufotalin inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma by triggering NOX4/NLRP3/GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. Cinobufotalin (CB), a bufadienolide extracted from toad venom, is associated with antitumor effects in various cancers, including liver cancer. However, the role of CB in pyroptosis and its underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized.