In vitro-irradiated cancer vaccine enhances anti-tumor efficacy of radiotherapy and PD-L1 blockade in a syngeneic murine breast cancer model

Local radiotherapy (RT) exerts immunostimulatory effects by inducing immunogenic cell death. However, it remains unknown whether in vitro-irradiated tumor cells can elicit anti-tumor responses and enhance the efficacy of local RT and immune checkpoint inhibitors when injected in vivo.