Loss of muscle mass in women with premature ovarian insufficiency as compared with healthy controls

Abstract Objective Menopausal transition has been known to be associated with the loss of muscle mass. However, muscle health in women with premature menopause, that is, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), remains unclear. We aimed to investigate and compare muscle mass parameters and the prevalence of low muscle mass between patients with spontaneous POI and healthy controls. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 59 women with spontaneous POI and 57 premenopausal controls with normal ovarian function were enrolled at the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Hangzhou, China) from June 17, 2020, to August 20, 2021. Muscle mass parameters were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and low muscle mass was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. In addition, participants provided their sociodemographic data, menstrual and reproductive history, lifestyle factors, and medical history. Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted. Results Muscle mass parameters, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), ASM/height 2 , ASM/weight, ASM/body mass index, total skeletal muscle mass (TSM), and TSM/weight, were significantly lower in women with POI as compared with healthy controls (ASM: 14.62 ± 2.08 vs 15.97 ± 1.78, P < 0.001; ASM/height 2 : 5.71 ± 0.64 vs 6.15 ± 0.62, P < 0.001; ASM/weight: 0.27 [0.25, 0.28] vs 0.28 [0.27, 0.29], P = 0.002; ASM/BMI: 0.68 ± 0.07 vs 0.73 ± 0.06, P = 0.001; TSM: 33.85 ± 4.08 vs 36.43 ± 3.56, P < 0.001; TSM/weight: 0.63 [0.59, 0.65] vs 0.64 [0.61, 0.67], P = 0.02). The prevalence of low muscle mass in POI patients was significantly higher than that in controls (32.20% vs 8.77%, χ 2 = 9.70, P = 0.002). Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analyses demonstrated that POI status was an independent risk factor for ASM ( β = −1.13; 95% CI, −1.62 to −0.65), ASM/height 2 (−0.35, −0.47 to −0.22), ASM/weight (−0.01, −0.02 to −0.009), ASM/BMI (−0.05, −0.07 to −0.02), TSM (−2.16, −3.14 to −1.17), and TSM/weight (−0.03, −0.04 to −0.02). Conclusions Women with POI exhibit significant loss of muscle mass as compared with healthy controls. Early diagnosis and long-term health management in POI patients are important.