Simultaneous electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions using a sol–gel synthesized BiVO 4 nanosphere modified electrode and its antimicrobial activity

. This antimicrobial effect was attributed to the enhanced surface reactivity and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupt microbial cellular functions. This dual-functional approach highlighted the substantial progress in both electrochemical sensing and antimicrobial applications. This research presents a strong platform for tackling urgent challenges in environmental monitoring and microbial control.