Potential-modulated SERS profiling via GLAD-fabricated Ag nanorod arrays for ultrasensitive and label-free spectroelectrochemical sensing

), enabling the detection of melamine with a remarkable limit of 10 pM, surpassing previously reported substrates. The results highlight the promise of GLAD-fabricated AgNRs@SPE as a sensitive, label-free, reusable, and portable EC-SERS platform. This platform will present significant improvements in detecting analytes relevant to analytical chemistry, the pharmaceutical industry, and drug control.