Prediction of Drug-Target Interactions With High- Quality Negative Samples and a Network-Based Deep Learning Framework

Identification of drug-target interactions (DTIs) plays a crucial role in drug discovery. Compared to traditional experimental methods, computer-based methods for predicting DTIs can significantly reduce the time and financial burdens of drug development. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been proposed for predicting potential DTIs. However, a common limitation among these methods is the absence of high-quality negative samples. Moreover, the effective extraction of multisource information of drugs and proteins for DTI prediction remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we investigated two aspects: the selection of high-quality negative samples and the construction of a high-performance DTI prediction framework. Specifically, we found two types of hidden biases when randomly selecting negative samples from unlabeled drug-protein pairs and proposed a negative sample selection approach based on complex network theory. Furthermore, we proposed a novel DTI prediction method named HNetPa-DTI, which integrates topological information from the drug-protein-disease heterogeneous network and gene ontology (GO) and pathway annotation information of proteins. Specifically, we extracted topological information of the drug-protein-disease heterogeneous network using heterogeneous graph neural networks, and obtained GO and pathway annotation information of proteins from the GO term semantic similarity networks, GO term-protein bipartite networks, and pathway-protein bipartite network using graph neural networks. Experimental results show that HNetPa-DTI outperforms the baseline methods on four types of prediction tasks, demonstrating the superiority of our method.