Green and high-yield recovery of phosphorus from municipal wastewater for LiFePO4 batteries

The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material of lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus (P) reserves on Earth. This study introduces an environmentally friendly and economical method of P recovery from municipal wastewater, providing the P source for LiFePO4 cathodes. The novel approach utilizes the sludge of Fe-coagulant-based chemical P removal (CPR) in wastewater treatment. After a sintering treatment with acid washing, the CPR sludge, enriched with P and Fe, transforms into purified P–Fe oxides (Fe2.1P1.0O5.6). These oxides can substitute up to 35% of the FePO4 reagent as precursor, producing a carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LiFePO4/C) cathode with a specific discharge capacity of 114.9 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1 C (C represents current density, 1 C equaling 170 mA·g−1) (C), and cycle stability of 99.2% after 100 cycles. The enhanced cycle performance of the as-prepared LiFePO4/C cathode may be attributed to the incorporations of impurities (such as Ca2+ and Na+) from sludge, with improved stability of crystal structure. Unlike conventional P-fertilizers, this P recovery technology converts 100% of P in CPR sludge into the production of value-added LiFePO4/C cathodes. The recovered P from municipal wastewater can meet up to 35% of the P demand in the Chinese LIBs industry, offering a cost-effective solution for addressing the pressing challenges of P scarcity.