Hydrogel–Tissue Interface Interactions for Implantable Flexible Bioelectronics

Hydrogels have emerged as multifunctional interface materials between implantable bioelectronic devices and biotissues. The soft and wet materials with low and alterable mechanical properties can match the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties of biotissues and thus diminish the mechanical and electrical mismatch. Interactions at the hydrogel-biotissue and hydrogel-device interfaces have attracted broad research interest. Great efforts have been devoted to establishing instant, strong, and conformal adhesion at the interface by chemical bonding, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, supramolecular recognition, hydrophobic association, and even topological entanglements at the interfaces. This Perspective provides a brief account of representative progress on the hydrogel-tissue adhesive that forms seamless and conformal interface adhesion and applications in implantable devices for physiological, cardiac, and neuronal signal collection and electrical stimulation. Major challenges such as wet adhesion and the stability of the adhesive hydrogel-tissue interface are identified for examination in future investigations.