Acquisition of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Early Childhood: Independent Contributions of Infected Mothers, Fathers and Siblings

These patterns suggest that mutual control for H. pylori status of other family members is crucial for estimating the role of mothers, fathers, and siblings in the transmission of childhood H. pylori infection. In populations with low H. pylori prevalence the infected mother is likely to be the main source for childhood H. pylori infection.