Agrivoltaic Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Relating Energy, Soil, and Crop Parameters

Agrivoltaic systems represent a promising alternative for integrated land use. However, considerable heterogeneity exists among systems. In this article, we conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to provide evidence-based support for agrivoltaic systems, particularly in evaluating their performance regarding the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), agricultural performance, and microclimate. The search identified 7,474 articles, of which 66 were included. The studies addressed monofacial, bifacial, or translucent panels installed vertically, tilted horizontally, or with tracking systems. The results demonstrated greater crop development in agrivoltaic systems and lower soil temperatures under bifacial modules and modules with higher inclination angles. Medicinal plants, grains, and seeds exhibited higher mean LER values, which may be associated with the shading tolerance of species within these groups. Tilted horizontal configurations and semitransparent modules showed better integrated performance, reinforcing the importance of structural and agronomic adjustments to maximize benefits.