Staghorn-Inspired Eco-Friendly Marine Coatings with Controlled Capsaicin Release and Temperature-Responsive Wettability for Robust Biofouling Defense

. Meanwhile, temperature-induced changes in the coating's wettability facilitate the detachment of bacteria from the surface. Furthermore, the coating exhibits exceptional properties in preventing protein and algae adhesion. It also exhibits excellent mechanical strength and self-healing capabilities with an adhesion strength of up to 2.49 MPa and a self-healing rate of up to 90.47%, highlighting its significant potential for marine antifouling applications.