硼硅酸盐玻璃
硅酸盐
碱金属
离子键合
无机化学
氧化物
锑
硫族元素
矿物学
材料科学
氧化态
碱土金属
硼
类金属
离子
金属
化学
冶金
有机化学
作者
Doris Möncke,Brian Topper,Alexis G. Clare
出处
期刊:Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry
[Mineralogical Society of America]
日期:2022-05-01
卷期号:87 (1): 1039-1088
被引量:9
标识
DOI:10.2138/rmg.2022.87.23
摘要
OVERVIEW In theory, any molten material can form a glass when quenched fast enough. Most natural glasses are based on silicates and for thousands of years only alkali/alkaline earth silicate and lead-silicate glasses were prepared by humankind. After exploratory glass experiments by Lomonosov (18th ct) and Harcourt (19th ct), who introduced 20 more elements into glasses, it was Otto Schott who, in the years 1879–1881, melted his way through the periodic table of the elements so that Ernst Abbe could study all types of borate and phosphate glasses for their optical properties. This research also led to the development of the laboratory ware, low alkali borosilicate glasses. Today, not only can the glass former silicate be replaced, partially or fully, by other glass formers such as oxides of boron, phosphorous, tellurium or antimony, but also the oxygen anions can be substituted by fluorine or nitrogen. Chalcogens, the heavier ions in the group of oxygen in the periodic table (S, Se, Te), on their own or when paired with arsenic or germanium, can function as glass formers. Sulfate, nitrate, tungstate and acetate glasses lack the conventional anion and cation classification, as do metallic or organic glasses. The latter can occur naturally—amber predates anthropogenic glass manufacture by more than 200 million years. In this chapter, we are going to provide an overview of the different glass families, how the structure and properties of these different glass types differ from silicate glasses but also what similarities are dictated by the glassy state. Applications and technological aspects are discussed briefly for each glass family.
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