Population Genomics

Abstract Sequencing all or part of the genome of individuals from different populations allows for many analyses of genetic variation that are not possible with a small number of unlinked markers. Genomic datasets may include sequences of anonymous regions scattered throughout the genome, sequences of targeted regions such as exomes, whole genome sequences, or genotypes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or other targeted polymorphisms. Fully sequenced reference genomes were previously limited to model organisms and crop species, but can now be produced for any species, facilitating development of species-specific tools and sophisticated analyses. Next-generation sequencing can also quantify variation in gene expression, identify changes in DNA structure such as methylation involved in epigenetic responses, and characterize the multispecies metagenomics of communities and environments. While generating large genomic datasets has become much easier and faster, population genomic analyses now require stronger bioinformatic skills and more powerful computational resources.