Distribution of proteins involved in carbon catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans.

Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a mechanism by which micro-organisms preferentially utilize more easily metabolizable carbon sources in comparison to less easily metabolizable carbon sources. It prevents the organisms from unnecessary expenditure of energy and enables them to exploit the nutrients in appropriate manner. It represents a complex system of gene regulation. \nThe main aim of this study was to study the intracellular localization of proteins involved in CCR including CreA, CreB, CreC and CreD in A. nidulans in repressing and derepressing conditions. The major regulatory protein involved in CCR in A. nidulans is CreA. It is a DNA-binding repressor, but very little is known about the molecular events that allow CreA function to result in appropriate regulation in response to carbon source. To determine the amount and localization of CreA in different carbon sources, strains were made over-expressing GFP and HA tagged CreA. Western analysis showed that high levels of full length CreA can be present in cells that show normal responses to carbon catabolite repression, whether they are grown in repressing or derepressing media. Hence the amount of CreA is similar in both the conditions and thus degradation of CreA is not a key step in carbon catabolite repression. Fluorescence microscopy studies have shown that CreA is in the nucleus under repressing and derepressing carbon conditions and this is not affected by the absence of CreB or CreD, the other important proteins in A. nidulans. Thus mere localization of CreA in nucleus is not sufficient to cause carbon catabolite repression and there is some modification process involved for CreA to act as a repressor protein in CCR. \nCreB is a deubiquitinating protein and CreC is a protein containing five WD 40 repeats, a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a proline rich region and both the proteins are present in the cell in a complex. CreB was localized using strains that over-expresses GFP tagged CreB and fluorescence microscopy. CreB is present mainly in the cytoplasm in both repressing and derepressing conditions. Moreover, intracellular localization of CreB is unaffected by the presence or absence of CreD. However, the amount of CreB was higher in a creD+ background as compared to a creD34 mutant background, implying that the presence of CreD affects the amount of CreB in the cell. CreC was localized by using strain that over-expresses YFP tagged CreC and it is also present mainly in the cytoplasm. \nCreD contains arrestin domains and PY motifs and is highly similar to the Rod1p and Rog3p from S. cerevisiae. CreD is proposed to be involved in ubiquitination process in CCR in A. nidulans. Localization studies have shown that CreD is present throughout the cell in a punctate pattern with more in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus. CreB and CreD co-localize in some regions of the cell whereas in other regions either CreB or CreD is present.