Abnormal epigenetic modification of lysosome and lipid regulating genes in Alzheimer’s disease

Background Abnormal lipid metabolism has been identified as a potential pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which might be epigenetically regulated. Lysosomes are critical organelles for lipid metabolism. However, the epigenetic modifications of lysosome and lipid regulating genes remain unclear in AD patients. Objective Explore the role of abnormal epigenetic modifications, especially methylation of lysosome and lipid metabolism-related genes in AD. Methods Methylation beadchip and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were used to detect genome-wide DNA methylation levels and validate key gene methylation, respectively. Clinical data were collected from all participants. Associations between clinical biochemical characteristics and altered DNA methylation in AD patients were analyzed, and a risk factor model of AD was established. Results 41 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) corresponding to 33 genes were identified in AD patients, with 18 hypermethylated and 23 hypomethylated positions. Significant alterations were observed in lipid regulating genes ( CTNNB1, DGKQ, SLC27A1 ) and lysosomal transmembrane gene ( TMEM175 ). Clinical analysis revealed that TP, ALB, IB, ADA, ALP, HCY, GLU, TC, BUN, HDL-C, LDL-C, and APOA1 levels were significantly higher in AD patients, whereas A/G and DB levels were lower. TMEM175 hypermethylation was further verified and found to correlate with TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, APOA1, IB, and HCY. The AUC of the AD risk model, which integrated clinical lipid markers and TMEM175 methylation, reached 0.9519 ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions Abnormal epigenetic regulation of lysosomal gene and lipid dyshomeostasis were high-risk factors in AD. Methylation modifications of lysosome and lipid regulating genes might be key processes in AD pathogenesis.