Halide Perovskite Photocatalysts for Clean Fuel Production and Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges

The need to constrain the use of fossil fuels causing global warming is motivating the development of a variety of photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel generation and chemical synthesis. In particular, semiconductor-based photocatalysts have been extensively exploited in solar-driven organic synthesis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion into value-added products, and hydrogen (H₂) generation from water (H₂O) splitting. Recently, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as an important class of semiconductors for heterogeneous photocatalysis owing to their interesting properties. Despite key issues with long-term stability and degradation in polar solvents due to their ionic character, there has been significant progress in halide perovskite-based photocatalysts with improving their stability and performance in the gas and liquid phases. This review discusses the state-of-the-art for using halide perovskite-based photocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysis in hydrogen production from water and halogen acid solutions, CO₂ reduction into value-added chemicals, and various organic chemical transformations. The different types of halide perovskites used, design strategies to overcome the instability issues in polar solvents, and the efficiencies achieved are discussed. Furthermore, the outstanding challenges associated with the use of polar electrolytes and how the stability and performance can be improved are discussed.