Exploring the Frontier of Inhalation Therapy: A Review of Dry Powder Inhalers for Precision Management of Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Abstract Chronic respiratory diseases impose a substantial health burden globally with increasing prevalence and mortality rates, especially in affluent nations. Recent studies underscore the escalating contribution to premature morbidity and mortality, highlighting the critical need for effective interventions. Inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), have significant roles in this burden that are characterized by heightened inflammation affecting the airways or lung parenchyma, leading to obstructive or restrictive lung diseases. These conditions often exhibit acute and chronic components, which complicate disease classification and management. Current treatments for lung illnesses predominantly rely on systemic drug delivery, which may result in poor efficacy and adverse effects on other organs. Inhalation lung delivery presents a promising alternative, offering advantages, such as targeted drug deposition, reduced systemic side effects, and rapid onset of action. Despite these benefits, inhalation drug delivery systems are still in the developmental stage, particularly for targeted local delivery. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have emerged as a popular choice due to ease of use, high-dose delivery capability, and breath-activated mechanisms. This review delves into the intriguing world of pulmonary drug delivery, with a spotlight on DPIs. From the fascinating design principles to the potential for precision medicine, DPIs offer a glimpse into the future of respiratory care. By unravelling the mysteries of DPI formulation and performance assessment, this review aimed to propel the field forward, ushering in a new era of personalized and efficacious inhalation therapies for inflammatory lung diseases and beyond. Furthermore, this article delved into the identification of prevalent technologies within the DPI domain while also probing the prospective avenues of emerging development. Such insights aim to assist researchers in making informed decisions regarding relevant research and development pursuits.