Childhood obesity: a comprehensive review of prevention and management strategies

Childhood obesity is a growing global public health concern with significant physical, psychological, and social implications. Defined by a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile, childhood obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic, environmental, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. This review critically examines recent research on the prevention and management of childhood obesity, highlighting its prevalence, etiology, comorbidities, and effective intervention strategies. The prevalence of childhood obesity has escalated, affecting over 390 million children globally in 2022, with higher rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Contributing factors include genetic predispositions, urbanization, dietary habits, sedentary lifestyles, and psychosocial stressors. Comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychological disorders further underscore the urgent need for preventive measures. Management strategies span medical, behavioral, community, and school-based interventions. Pharmacological treatments, such as liraglutide, and surgical options, including bariatric surgery, are effective for severe cases but require careful monitoring. Behavioral interventions emphasize physical activity, balanced nutrition, and limited screen time, while community-based programs and school initiatives foster supportive environments. This review highlights the necessity for integrated, multilevel strategies to combat childhood obesity, starting from policy reforms to grassroots actions. Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers, educators, policymakers, and families are essential to address this complex issue, reduce health inequalities, and ensure a healthier future for upcoming generations. Preventing childhood obesity remains challenging but achievable with sustained commitment and innovation.