Suspect and nontarget screening of pesticides and their transformation products in agricultural products using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry

Intensive agricultural production involves the extensive use of chemicals, leading to the presence of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in agricultural products. Our study developed a high-coverage method to map the occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in agricultural products using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Initially, a suspect list of 1265 pesticides was compiled based on in-house standards and online databases to identify potential parent pesticides. Besides, the reported and predicted TPs, as well as the multi-class characteristic fragment ions (CFIs) of pesticides, were summarized. Subsequently, nontarget features were identified by matching with 10226 TPs and 39-classes of CFIs. Both known and unknown parent pesticides and their TPs can be identified via suspect and nontarget screening procedures. Ultimately, the proposed method was initially applied to strawberry samples to demonstrate its effectiveness. We identified 67 parent pesticides and 57 TPs in 107 samples, with the majority at low concentrations, and preliminary traceability suggesting they may migrate from soil. The findings suggest that our method can enable suspect and nontarget screening of pesticides and their TPs, and it is also applicable to other food matrices. This method may facilitate regulatory agencies in strengthening the supervision of unknown risk substances or TPs, thereby comprehensively safeguarding consumer health. • A high-coverage method for screening pesticides and their TPs was proposed. • Comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening procedures were integrated to reveal known/unknown pesticide residues. • 67 pesticides and 57 TPs were defined in strawberry samples. • Preliminary exploration suggested that most of pesticides in strawberry may migrate from the soil.