The thick-shell mussel Mytilus coruscus is one of the most prolific mussel species in Chinese aquaculture, and also a typical marine environmental indicator, playing an important role in coastal ecosystems. This paper summarizes the research progress of the biology, ecology, and aquaculture of the thick-shell mussel, provides a foundation for future research and contribution to the culture and commercialization of marine mussels, as well as their role in environmental monitoring. The suitability of the thick-shell mussel as a model organism for marine environmental monitoring is demonstrated and guidelines for increased mussel culture are presented.