Discovery of a Natural Hybrid Polyketide Produced by Endophytic Cladosporium sphaerospermum for Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea

The endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogens, with particular effectiveness against Botrytis cinerea . Subsequently, a compound is isolated from strain WBS017 as the main active ingredient against B. cinerea using activity-guided separation and identified as hybrid polyketide (namely cladodionen, CLD) using UV, MS, NMR, etc. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity tests demonstrate that CLD effectively inhibits the mycelial growth and spore germination, with an IC 50 value of 1.13 and 0.095 mM, respectively, and exerts antifungal and fresh-keeping effects on both strawberry and tomato. Microscopy analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of CLD on hyphae and spore germination are attributed to a decrease in structural stability of mycelia cells as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis further indicates that spore germination is inhibited by suppressing the transcription levels of membrane or membrane-related genes, disturbing the balance of ROS metabolism, altering the primary metabolic pathways, genetic information processing, and cellular processes. Importantly, CLD demonstrates no significant toxicity on zebrafish embryos even at a concentration of 0.226 mM, indicating its potential as a safe biological-control agent. In summary, CLD would be a novel potential biological-control agent and can be considered as a promising fungicide to control B. cinerea .