A multifunctional theranostic nanoagent for precise NIR-II FL imaging and synergistic chemodynamic/H2/SGB therapy of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation at AR sites is an effective approach for improving pathological conditions and modulating the microenvironment. Herein, we have developed novel multifunctional theranostic nanoagents (ACB NGs) to achieve precise and rapid second near-infrared fluorescence (NIR-II FL) imaging and a promising combination treatment of synergistic chemodynamic/gas/stellate ganglion block (SGB) therapy. With suitable size and excellent biocompatibility, ACB NGs passively target AR inflammatory sites to realize effective accumulation. Then, the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox pair can exhibit SOD/CAT-like enzymatic activity to rapidly deplete ROS to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation. Simultaneously, the controlled release of hydrogen (H₂) in a slightly acidic environment results in precise synergistic antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects with CeO₂. Moreover, SGB therapy further inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces oxidative stress, achieving a therapeutic effect by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment in AR. In summary, ACB NGs represent novel biomineralized nanoagents offering efficient combination therapy, which will provide new perspectives for the treatment and monitoring of AR.