Synthetic Biology: Pioneering the Next Bio Revolution for A sustainable Planet

Abstract The Earth is being pushed towards its ecological limits by the increasing pressure of human daily activities and the escalating threat of climate change, necessitating substantial global action to safeguard the sustainability of a habitable environment. The aim of this integrative review is to highlight the role of microbial synthetic biology (MicSynBio) in evolving a bio-based economy tackling life threatening challenges including pollution, food security, energy demands, synthetic materials, infectious diseases and climate change. It further indicates the developing trends, emerging innovations, technological integrations, and the challenges involved, while emphasising the capability of MicSynBio in bringing sustainable changes. In our review, we consolidate discoveries from multidisciplinary studies, highlighting the transformative skills of MicSynBio in mimicking and enhancing natural systems for environmentally friendly solutions. By directing the transition towards a bio-based economy, synthetic biology (SynBio) demonstrates immense potential in transforming waste intensive industrial recycling into green processes. Its contribution to pollution reduction (e.g. the use of bacterial species with genetically engineered luminescence genes in real-time pollutants examining), improved agriculture practices, bioenergy production (e.g. the utilisation of engineered algae or heterotrophic microbes for direct biofuel production or biomass conversion), green synthesis of biomaterials and drugs (e.g. engineering Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli to enhance scalability and sustainability of pharmaceuticals and bio-based materials), is specified by tangible case studies, (refer to supplementary materials Fig. S1 for graphical abstract). Furthermore, we address the safety concerns and legislative strategies needed for the responsible implementation of MicSynBio innovations in tackling climate change. Realising the full potential of MicSynBio requires effective safety and ethical considerations and strong collaborations among academics, specialists, policymakers and industry leaders.