The Characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum , Microencapsulation Technology, Wall Materials and applications: A Review

Lactobacillus plantarum, a prominent probiotic strain, has been extensively utilized in food, medicine, agriculture, and related sectors. However, its viability is compromised by gastric acid, bile salts, and thermal stress, leading to a marked decrease in both activity and survival rates. Microencapsulation has emerged as an effective strategy for preserving Lactobacillus plantarum viability while expanding its application potential. This review examines the key characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum, encompassing gastrointestinal tract tolerance, bile resistance, as well as its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties; we systematically analyze microencapsulation techniques including spray-drying and vacuum freeze-drying, with critical evaluation of their respective merits and limitations; a comprehensive comparison of wall material classifications is presented, focusing on polysaccharide- and protein-based systems and their distinctive characteristics; furthermore, we critically assess current applications of Lactobacillus plantarum microcapsules across food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural domains. Notably, while microencapsulation holds significant promise, its industrial-scale implementation in food production is constrained by challenges including exorbitant material costs and process complexity. Future research directions should prioritize the development of safer, cost-effective natural biomaterials, process optimization strategies, and exploration of novel applications in personalized nutrition and precision medicine.