A comprehensive review of FACTS devices in modern power systems: Addressing power quality, optimal placement, and stability with renewable energy penetration

Incorporating Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices into modern power systems is a crucial field of study, mainly due to the growing adoption of renewable energy sources. This paper thoroughly examines the role and efficacy of FACTS devices in improving power quality and maintaining stability in both conventional power systems and those that heavily rely on renewable energy sources. At first, the central aspect of the review centers on different FACTS devices, including Static VAR Compensators (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), and distributed power flow controllers (DPFC). A comprehensive analysis of each device's operational principles, benefits, and constraints is provided. The paper assesses the efficacy of these devices in addressing the challenges associated with integrating renewable energy. These functions encompass their involvement in maintaining voltage levels, stabilizing frequency, controlling power flow, and enhancing the power system's ability to respond to sudden changes. This paper compares various FACTS devices in different scenarios to emphasize their efficacy in specific contexts. Furthermore, the paper outlines the emerging difficulties in power systems caused by the incorporation of fluctuating renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. The challenges encompass voltage fluctuations, frequency instability, and power flow control issues. Advanced solutions are required to maintain power quality and ensure grid stability due to the variability and unpredictability of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the paper examines the possibilities and future advancements in FACTS technology. The article explores the potential of utilizing power electronics, control strategies, and artificial intelligence integration to improve the performance and effectiveness of FACTS devices. To summarise, the review emphasizes the crucial importance of FACTS devices in modern power systems, especially concerning the growing integration of renewable energy sources. It emphasizes that the strategic deployment of these devices is essential for guaranteeing power quality and stability, enabling a more seamless shift towards sustainable and resilient power systems.