Emergent MXene evaporators in high-efficiency solar steam generation

With the escalating urgency to harness sustainable energy sources, solar steam generation (SSG) has taken center stage as an environmentally-friendly and efficient method for freshwater production and desalination. Emergent materials like MXenes have shown promising characteristics for enhancing the efficiency of SSG systems. This review delves into the intricacies of MXenes, beginning with their fundamental structure and properties, followed by the underlying mechanisms that make them ideal for photothermal conversion, especially the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon, electron-hole pair dynamics, and the role of conjugation and hyperconjugation effects. Subsequently, we explore the basics of SSG and the pivotal role MXenes play in enhancing its efficiency. A particular emphasis is laid on various MXene-based structures/composites including hydrogels, aerogels, wood, sponges, foams and fabrics, detailing their fabrication, characteristics, and performance metrics. The compatibility and enhanced performance of MXene with other materials like rGO in hydrogel and aerogel matrices are highlighted. Amidst these advancements, the challenges faced in the practical deployment of MXene-based evaporators, such as scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness, are discussed. The review concludes with a futuristic perspective on the potential and the road ahead for MXene-integrated SSG systems, underscoring the areas ripe for exploration and innovation. The insights presented in this review are expected to shed light on the multifaceted utility of MXenes in advancing the field of solar steam generation and foster further research in this domain.