GC–FID determination of tetramethylpyrazine and acetoin in vinegars and quantifying the dependence of tetramethylpyrazine on acetoin and ammonium

2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an important health functional composition in vinegars, but there are controversial viewpoints about its formation mechanism and scarce relevant records on TMP content enhancement in vinegar products. In this study, a simple and accurate solvent extraction coupled with GC-FID method was developed for the simultaneous determination of TMP and acetoin in vinegars and 137 worldwide samples were analyzed. Meanwhile, the ammonium contents of all the vinegar samples were determined using the salicylate method. By nonlinear surface fitting, the concentrations of TMP in vinegars were found to follow second-order polynomial models of acetoin and ammonium concentrations. By isotopic tracing using 13C labelled acetoin and 15N ammonium, acetoin and ammonium were deduced to be the precursors of TMP in vinegars.