Highly Stretchable and Transparent Thermistor Based on Self-Healing Double Network Hydrogel

An ultrastretchable thermistor that combines intrinsic stretchability, thermal sensitivity, transparency, and self-healing capability is fabricated. It is found the polyacrylamide/carrageenan double network (DN) hydrogel is highly sensitive to temperature and therefore can be exploited as a novel channel material for a thermistor. This thermistor can be stretched from 0 to 330% strain with the sensitivity as high as 2.6%/°C at extreme 200% strain. Noticeably, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal sensing properties of the DN hydrogel can be self-healed, analogous to the self-healing capability of human skin. The large mechanical deformations, such as flexion and twist with large angles, do not affect the thermal sensitivity. Good flexibility enables the thermistor to be attached on nonplanar curvilinear surfaces for practical temperature detection. Remarkably, the thermal sensitivity can be improved by introducing mechanical strain, making the sensitivity programmable. This thermistor with tunable sensitivity is advantageous over traditional rigid thermistors that lack flexibility in adjusting their sensitivity. In addition to superior sensitivity and stretchability compared with traditional thermistors, this DN hydrogel-based thermistor provides additional advantages of good transparency and self-healing ability, enabling it to be potentially integrated in soft robots to grasp real world information for guiding their actions.