New ruthenium compounds bearing semicarbazone 2-formylopyridine moiety: Playing with auxiliary ligands for tuning the mechanism of biological activity

Two ruthenium(II) complexes Ru1 and Ru2 bearing as a one ligand 2,2′-bipyridine substituted by a semicarbazone 2-formylopyridine moiety (bpySC: 5-(4-{4′-methyl-[2,2′-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone) and as the others 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip), respectively, as auxiliary ligands have been prepared. Their biological activity has been studied on murine colon carcinoma (CT26) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. The anti-proliferative activity was dependent on the presence of bpy or dip in the complex, with one order of magnitude higher cytotoxicity for Ru2 (dip ligands). Ru1 (bpy ligands) exhibited a distinct increase in cytotoxicity going from 24 to 72 h of incubation with cells as was not observed for Ru2. Even though both studied compounds were powerful apoptosis inducing agents, the mechanism of their action was entirely different. Ru1-incubated A549 cells showed a notable increase in cells number in the S-phase of the cell cycle, with concomitant decrease in the G2/M phase, while Ru2 promoted a cell accumulation in the G0/G1 phase. In contrast, Ru1 induced marginal oxidative stress in A549 cell lines even upon increasing the incubation time. Even though Ru1 preferably accumulated in lysosomes it triggered the apoptotic cellular death via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Ru1-incubated A549 cells showed swelling and enlarging of the mitochondria. It was not observed in case of Ru2 for which mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were found as primarily localization site. Despite this the apoptosis induced by Ru2 was caspase-independent. All these findings point to a pronounced role of auxiliary ligands in tuning the mode of biological activity.