Moderated mediation in multilevel structural equation models: Decomposing effects of race on math achievement within versus between high schools in the United States.

Within versus Between High Schools in the United StatesAt roughly similar times in the 1980s, social scientists formalized what have become enduring interests in multilevel modeling (e.g., Raudenbush & Bryk, 1986) and moderation and mediation (e.g., Baron & Kenny, 1986).Today, moderation and mediation models have been synthesized so that these effects can be combined and estimated in a wide variety of cases (Edwards & Lambert, 2007;Preacher, Rucker, & Hayes, 2007), including with latent variables and latent interactions (Cheung & Lau, 2015;Sardeshmukh & Vandenberg, 2016).In the multilevel arena, approaches now exist that allow assessing multilevel mediation (e.g.,