Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nano-Enabled Food Packaging: Antimicrobial Efficacy, Antioxidant Stability, and Regulatory Perspectives

Nano-enabled food packaging is a promising strategy to extend shelf life, enhance microbial safety, and improve antioxidant stability; however, uncertainties about nanoparticle migration and long-term safety hinder regulatory acceptance. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated (i) pooled antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy, (ii) migration behavior under standard and stress conditions, and (iii) toxicological and regulatory challenges. Following PRISMA 2020, six databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) were searched for studies published 2015–2025. Eligible designs included experiments, shelf-life tests, migration analyses, and systematic reviews. Random-effects models assessed pooled outcomes and heterogeneity. From 1942 records, 44 studies met inclusion (36 experiments, 8 reviews). Meta-analysis showed significant antimicrobial efficacy (−1.12 log CFU/g, 95% CI − 1.45 to −0.78; I² = 62%) and antioxidant protection (SMD = −0.98, 95% CI − 1.26 to −0.70; I² = 55%). Migration was low under intended use (≤10 µg/kg, mainly ionic) but increased under acidic or high-temperature stress. Toxicological evidence suggests minimal acute risk, though chronic low-dose effects and nanoparticle-specific biomarkers remain underexplored. Nano-enabled packaging demonstrates consistent efficacy but unresolved safety and regulatory issues. Standardized migration protocols, validated biomarkers, and harmonized global frameworks are required for safe adoption. Protocol registered in PROSPERO (19 November 2025, ID: CRD420251156058).