Zearalenone exposure and the mammalian gut microbiome: a systematic review of the literature

Mycotoxins are fungal-derived metabolites found in the global food supply, particularly in cereal grains and processed foods. Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the more common mycotoxins, widely contaminates human food supplies at concentrations above established maximum contamination levels. However, the effects of ZEN exposure on human health have only begun to be explored, with most studies on this topic focusing on its endocrine-disrupting effects in the reproductive system. ZEN is readily absorbed following oral administration, making the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its microbiota primary targets for toxicity. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in nutrient processing and immune function and can be heavily influenced by dietary and chemical exposures. Given widespread human dietary exposure to ZEN, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of ZEN and its metabolites in relation to the mammalian gut microbiome. We identified 19 studies, all conducted in animal models, and each reported alterations in gut microbiome composition in ZEN-treated groups compared with control animals. Several papers reported modified metabolism in ZEN-treated groups, particularly related to short-chain fatty acids. In light of this small but compelling literature and the expected increase in mycotoxin contamination due to the industrialization of the food supply and warmer weather conditions, we identified several priority areas for future study. These include better understanding the mechanisms by which ZEN and its metabolites affect the microbiome and ultimate translation to human health.