Size-Controlled Engineering Photoelectrochemical Biosensor for Human Papillomavirus-16 Based on CRISPR-Cas12a-Induced Disassembly of Z-Scheme Heterojunctions

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors incorporating biomolecular recognition with photon-to-electron conversion capabilities of the photoactive species have been developed for molecular diagnosis, but most involve difficulty in adjusting band gap positions and are unsuitable for PEC biodetection. In this work, an innovative PEC biosensor combined with quantum size-controlled engineering based on quantum confinement by controlling the quantum size was designed for the detection of human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) through CRISPR-Cas12a (Cpf1)-induced disassembly of Z-scheme heterojunction. To the best of our knowledge, quantum size-controlled engineering that precisely tunes the properties of photoactive materials is first utilized in the PEC bioanalysis. Based on the quantum size effect, the light absorption efficiency and charge-transfer rate were tuned to suitable levels to obtain the best PEC performance. After incubation with target HPV-16, the binding of Cas12a-crRNA to the target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stimulated the activity of indiscriminate cleavage toward single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), resulting in a decrease in photocurrent due to the blocking of electron transfer through the heterojunction. By optimizing experimental conditions, the Z-scheme sensing system exhibited incredible photocurrent response to HPV-16 in the range from 3.0 pM to 600 nM with a detection limit of 1.0 pM. Impressively, the application of the quantum size effect could stimulate more interest in the precise design of band gap structure to improve PEC performance.